The city was devastated after the Catalonian Republic of 1640–1652, and again during the War of the Spanish Succession in 1714. King Philip V of Spain demolished half of the merchants' quarter (La Ribera) to build a military citadel , the Ciutadella, as a way of both punishing and controlling the rebel city.
Official use of the Catalan language was suppressed, traditional Catalan institutions were abolished, and the university withdrew.
Barcelona and the province of Catalonia were annexed by the French Empire of Napoleon after he invaded Spain and put his brother Joseph on the Spanish throne. It was returned to Spain after Napoleon's downfall.
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